annotated bibliography essay

 Problem Statement

The overall problem of obtaining a definite process for nursing practices evaluation, integration, appraisal and query processing has led to increased vices in the world. This has led to the increased challenge of items like lawsuits and increased misconception and misinterpretation of issues in the business world. The increasing challenges for the non implementation of the EBP have led to the study of the likely fruitful approaches that could be used in the implementation of the nursing practices. Symptoms

The symptoms for the challenges are expressed in empirical evidence, clinical expertise and patient’s preference. The presence that there is no definite empirical evidence that is implemented in the presentation of the evidence based practices has led to the increased challenges in implementation of the practice to the organization. The clinical expertise of the nurses is a challenge due to the lack of acknowledgement of the different implementations of the EBP. The patient’s preference over the healthcare facility with regard to service provision brings up the challenge over EBP.

 Literature Review

The journals that were chosen from the research were searched from the CINAHL and OVID.  The search was based on the analysis of quantitative and qualitative research. The search looked at the challenges that the healthcare facility had in the implementation of EBP. The key words that were used in the search for the journal articles were the following. Utilization of services, nursing practices, nurses, nursing attitudes, EBP barriers, EBP implementation and EBP definition were the key words for the literature search. The key words were manipulated with regard to search for the solutions of the challenges in EBP implementation. This search was successful in the identification of the solutions for the emerging challenges. The search for the keywords yielded the most fruitful searches were the one that included the search for implementation solutions for EBP. The key word that yielded the best approach was seen to be the CARS checklist. This required the search for the research credibility, reasonableness, accuracy and support. This allowed the fast evaluation of all the literature articles that were found.

Adams M. (2011): Inspiration Point: The Development of Nurse Executive Leadership: An Interview with Marjorie Beyer’s. Journal of Nursing Administration, 41(5), 194-196

The research is focused at improving the nursing governance model in the improvement of the clinical practice quality. The research source is useful; since it helps in provision of numerous quality improvement approaches that could be implemented in the facilitation of the patients care and staff conducts. The source is useful since it provides useful information on requirements implementation, benefits and changes analysis for the research. The shortening of the length of orientation, direction, skills enforcement for staffs and increased employment variety of hospital settings will allow the facilitation of the activities that affect the running of the hospitals. The limitation of the source is that it does not indicate the challenges that are encompassed in the implementation of the EBP. The audiences that are intended by the research are the nurses and the health care facility management or staff. The author concludes that evidence based nursing improves the quality of patient care and increases the awareness for the individuals for the purpose of cross training and provision of the ongoing educational programs.

Barrera, P. (2006): Implementing Evidence-Based Nursing Practice in a Pediatric Hospital. Pediatric Nursing, 32(4), 371-377

The research provides the different perspectives on the barriers that affect the effective evidence based practice implementation in pediatric hospital in the US. The research is useful since it offers the summary of the evidence based practice reviews for USA health facilities. The limitation of the source is that it focuses on the pediatric aspect of patient care.  The intended audiences for the research are nurses, healthcare facilities and the management of healthcare institution. The author concludes that the inputs for the improvement of hr patient care and suggestions for improvement in the workplace environment are not appreciated or solicited. The research provides valuable insight for the implementation of the EBP challenges and procedures in pediatric care. This makes it helpful in analysis of different activities.

Isenberg, M. (2011): Implementation of evidence-based nursing practice: nurses' personal and professional factors? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(1), 33-42

The cross sectional survey research explores the relationship that is between the nurse’s professional factors and personal factors with EBP nursing. The source is useful in the presentation of credible observatory analysis. The limitation of the study is the presence that the research relied on self reported behavior. This could lead to biased views or analysis. The audiences for the research are nurses, clinic staff and the management of any healthcare institution that nurses work. The author concludes that the management should look at the available ways that they could use in the analysis of the EBP. The analysis will be useful in the analysis of the need for learning and organizational support for evidence based practices.

Kaila, M. (2009): Nurses’ experiences of guideline implementation: a focus group study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(18), 2613-2621

 The qualitative interview research focused on primary care nurses and adoption of the guidelines for the nurse’s adoption of guidelines. The usefulness of the source is evident in the presence that the research focuses on ECCE study group. The limitation that has been evident in the research is seen to be the increased dependence of the clinical guidelines for the multiple context specific factors. The audiences of the research are the nurses and health care facilities management. The author concludes that clinical guidelines will be effective in the implementation of EBP in the patient care adoption. The author indicates that the adoption requires the support of the physicians and management. The analysis response is that the research should have increased its analysis of the different ways of implementation of EBP.

Kenny, D. and Richard, M. (2010): Collaborating across services to advance evidence-based nursing practice. Nursing Research, 59(1 Supple), S11-S21

The focus of the descriptive research is to training of nurses in facilities like military to conduct evidence based practices. The military analysis helps in the identification of how the flocked hospitals can implement the EBP in times of disaster or increased number of casualties. The research is useful since it offers an opportunity for the enhancement of the quality care through the use of an opportunity for the enhancement of the quality care through the use and adaptation of the research findings. The limitations of the research are the increased focus on culture instead of the required resources that will be needed for the implementation of the activities in the research. The audiences of the research are seen to be the nurses and the health care facilities trainers or teachers. The research concludes that EBP in the military is affected by the high level of attrition and turnover due to war missions. The research will help in analysis of the practicability of EBP in highly populated institutions.

Newhouse, R. (2007): Creating infrastructure supportive of evidence-based nursing practice: leadership strategies. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing / Sigma Theta Tau International, Honor Society of Nursing, 4(1), 21-29

The focus of the research was the conceptual model that could be implemented in order to allow the evidence based practice for the leader’s analysis.  The conceptual model helps in the identification of the different areas that the management is required to provide support for the purpose of service provision for the patients. The usefulness of the source is seen to be on the basis of fostering the multiple strategies in cultivation of a culture of inquiry for nurses. The limitation of the research is the increased focus on personal growth of the staff in requiring the production of a professional environment for quality and staff improvement. The audiences for the research are the nurses and health care facility institutions. The research concludes that organization that enables culture and builds on the infrastructure will be able to efficiently affect the Evidence based approach. The research will be of benefit for the analysis of the different strategies that will be applied during the analysis of the different activities of the organization.

Pipe, T. and Hansen, C. (2005): Implementing Evidence-Based Nursing Practice. Urologic Nursing, 25(5), 365-370

The descriptive qualitative research establishes the administrative and qualitative scenarios for the systematic appraisal of the relevant literature for clinical practice. The source is useful in the analysis of the clinical administrative barriers that have been seen to affect research. The case study that was used in the analysis of EBP conceptual framework was not comprehensively explained. The findings were simply outlined. The audiences for the research are nurses, clinic staff and the management of any healthcare institution. The research concluded that the mentoring process for the nurses in EBP will facilitate EBP implementation. The response for the research is useful in the outlining of the implementation solutions for the EBP.

Tai T (2008). Evidence Practice Based Nursing: The Impact of leadership and management practices on implementation. North Tec Nursing Journal Psychological Services, 12(1), 6-12

The research focuses on EBP as the standards for the patient’s quality of care in New Zealand. The source is useful in the search for the international healthcare systems that that have evolved in the response to the movement to the evidence based medicines. The research limitation is that it does not entertain the analysis of evidence based research on the aspect of human experience but focuses on the management and leadership implementation with a scientific perspective. The audiences for the research are nurses, clinic staff and the management of any healthcare institution. The author concludes that EBP makes a difference in the provision of patient care. The analysis of the research provides valuable information for the impact of implementing and utilizing EBP.

Sorel, D. (2008). Evidence-based nursing practice: what US nurse executives really think? Nurse Researcher, 15(4), 51-67

The research focus is to find the different ways of teaching and appraising the executives in the promotion of EBP in nursing. The source is useful due to the presentation of the evidence based practice with regard to the levels of the nursing executives. The limitation of the research is the lack of analysis on the attitude and following of the researchers on evidence based nursing. The limitation of the research is seen to be the nurse’s executive’s viewpoint analysis while forgetting the other factors. The audiences of the research are the nurses and health care facilities management. The research concludes that the presentation of the nursing structure will reduce the job attrition rate and increase the nurse’s job satisfaction in the implementation of the evidence based nursing practices. The research is valid due to the overall presentation of numerous theoretical analyses of other research findings.

Tess M. (2010). Evidence based Nursing for Practice: To infinity and beyond: the CNOR as evidence for Magnet excellence. AORN Journal, 91(5), 618-622

The research focuses on the analysis of the historical background for the evidence based practice and methods for assimilation from research to practice.  The increased use of the relevant articles for EBP makes the research to be useful for crosschecking and analyzing other researcher’s remarks. The limitation of the research is the lack of numerous case study analyses for the evidence based approach in nursing. The audiences of the research are scholars, nurses and the health care facilities management. The research concludes that the research requires the implementation of the scientific approach in evidence based practices implementation. The research will be beneficial to the research due to the presentation of the required tasks for the purpose of analysis.

Channel Discounts and Allowances research

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Channel Discounts and Allowances

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Channel Discounts and Allowances

 The Apple Incorporation will offer the allowances and discounts. This means the reduction of the basic prices of the services and goods. The distribution channels for the new product will be required to implement the approaches in the sales, (Andrew, 2008).  The channel discounts and allowances are provided in the listing of the prices and in the retail pricing.

              The penetration and the targeting of the ROI method will be applied. The offering of the discounts and allowances will help the management to offer the awareness of the market on the product. The identification of the product will assure the identification of the definite approach in the organizational approaches, (Andrew, 2008). The alteration of the time worth of money will offer the assessment of the approaches that increase the organization’s income.  The returns on the investment method offer the management to work backwards ion the reaching of the organizations current prices, (Hugh, 2008).  The limitation of the target return method is the increased need for the profitable approach in the short-term period. The low return of the period assures the identification of the return for the people over a long period.

In conclusion, the channel discounts and allowances allow the market acceptance of the product. The increase of the short-term sales will be guaranteed by the provision of the discount and allowances for the organization, (Hugh, 2008).  The allowances and discounts will increase the customer’s loyalty for the rewarding of the valuable customers. The management can encourage the distribution channel membership for the performance of the different functions. The rewarding of the behavior of the children will allow the benefiting of the people in discount issuance.

Reference

Andrew, B. (2008). Manufacturer allocation Strategy in the company of the Electronic conduit: Journal on administration Information Systems, 25, 1, 167-198

Hugh, T. (2008). Describing Public Administration: Journal on organizational Theory, 27, 3, 469-485 

WCAB Situational leadership essay

WCAB Situational leadership

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WCAB Situational leadership

            The leadership of the radio station is highly dependent o9nnthe activities that the leader of the station will perform. The program director of the firm is Ann Caldera. The stakeholders that were seen to be interested with the affairs of the firm where the community; board of trustees of the school; faculty and the students, Lynch, (2011). The leadership effectiveness, styles and flexibility matter a lot in the presentation of the WCAB overall activities, Silva, (2011). The situation of students not being adherence to the rules and policies that they have been provided for in the radio station will mean that the leader is faili8ng the organization in the institution of the required rules, Grant, (2010). The manager of the WCAB should look at the overall means that could be applied to institute the adherence to the stipulated rules and policies. This rules and policies will provide the framework that the management will use in the analysis of activities. The analysis of the situational leadership was seen to indicate that the leader, Ann Caldera, of the WCAB station was low directive and highly supportive. The position of this paper is that the leader should use the leadership approach of highly supportive and directive in the presentation of the coaching aspect of leadership.

            The problem that has been indicated in the WCBA was the following. The problem is the lack of training and rules adherence. The FCC rules are the ones that govern the conduct and operation of the WCAB institution. The FCC rules violation being an illegal act could lead to the disbandment of the WCAB facility. This occurrence could affect the viability of the operation functionality of the firm, Silva, (2011). The overall placement of the rules to the new staff without explaining or proper direction of the media related rules were seen to lack in the rules implementation of the leader. The leader was seen to be highly supportive instead of being authoritative. The increased laxity in the identification of the strictness of the adherence of the rules was seen to be affecting the behavioural traits of the subordinates in the organization. The leader’s focus should be in the adherence of the FCC rules by the employees, Grant, (2010). This will only be possible through the use of high directive and supportive leadership approach.  

            The advice that would be given to Ann Caldera the leader would be the use of coaching and training development.  The leader should spend more time with the personnel and present servant leadership through coaching. The leader should search for relevant seminars, workshops or advice on how well she could train the staff. The lack of avenues to learn this form of training could require the search for outsources individuals who would help in the analysis of the predicament of the firm. The subordinate staff or new employees should be given proper induction process that provides vivid direction on what should be done within the organization.

The coaching in leadership will help in the provision of support to the followers of the leader in the WCAB. Ann Caldera should take time to show the subordinates on the issues that could arise in the lack of adherence of the FCC rules. Ann Caldera should indicate the lead by example approach, Lynch, (2011). This will help in the illustration of the required rules adherence and proper implementation of the desired characteristics within the organization. The highly directive aspect of problem solving will be provided by the following measures. The leader will have to analyze the behavioural characteristics of the staff. This will help in the formulation of targets, goals, advice and training.  The coaching will require the continuous breakdown of the meaning of the rules to the personnel, Lynch, (2011). The coaching presentation of the rules and ensure of the strict adherence to them will enable the institution to be make the working culture to be formal and ensure first approach to activities. Ann Caldera should always as the question of what next. This will allow the overall analysis of the activities that they will be required for the promotion of the WCAB activities in the WCAB institution. The leader will be required to hold numerous team meetings and congregation in order to allow the overall sensitization of individuals need to formulate the desired specifications of the rules, Lynch, (2011).

            The schemes that could be used by the leader in the reduction of the Infractions would be the following.  The leader should be able to direct, staff, organize, coordinate, budget, plan and coach the human work force that will be at his disposal, Grant, (2010). The leader should ensure that she is flexible respectful, and a good communicator to the employees, Lynch, (2011). This means that the personnel will be required to have complete access to the leader whom will help in the rules enforcement and direction for the employees. The leader should be open-minded, enthusiastic and proactive, Lynch, (2011).

The presence that a mistake is looming to be made by the employees should be controlled through the use of avenues like meetings and placement of the required parties with the definite benefits of activity performance. The leader will be require to carryout regular evaluations of the activities of the employees and their behavioural traits in order to ensure that the WCAB is not disbanded due to illegal practices or violations, Grant, (2010). The formation of leadership roles that will help in the delegation process will help in the reduction of time wastage or increased duties work load. The leader will ensure the overall improved flow of operations, Bedford, (2013). The leader should look at means of initiating activities that will help the staff of the WCAB to be proficient to have a sagacity of direction or purpose in activities that they perform as specific individuals.

            In conclusion, the leader should use the leadership approach of highly supportive and directive in the presentation of the coaching aspect of leadership. The analysis indicated that the problem that was seen to be looming in the WCAB was the lack of adherence of employees to the FCC rules. This lack of adherence could be controlled by the use of the coaching of the relevant individuals through leadership. The schemes that could be used for the correction of the problem were seen to be the use of the following aspects, Lynch, (2011).  The leader should be able to direct, staff, organize, coordinate, budget, plan and coach the human work force that will be at his disposal. These schemes would help in the elimination of the evident problems that were seen to be arising in the WCAB. Grant, (2010)

Reference

Bedford, C. (2013): Situational Supervision: Applying Situational Leadership to Clinical Supervision. Clinical Supervisor, 32(1), 56-69

Grant, M. (2010): Developmental coaching for teachers: Leaders Coaching to school.  International Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 62(3), 151-168

Lynch, B. (2011): Development of a model of situational leadership in residential care for older people. Journal of Nursing Management, 19(8), 1058-1069

Lynch, B. (2011): Development of a reproduction of situational leadership in care for vulnerable people. International Journal of Nursing Management, 19(8), 1058-1069

Silva F. (2011): Leadership and job satisfaction among Azorean hospital nurses: an application of the situational leadership model. Journal of Nursing Management, 19(8), 1047-1057

Rhine model and Anglo-Saxon Model essay

Shareholder’ and ‘stakeholder’ models of corporate governance:

Rhine model and Anglo-Saxon Model

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Rhine model and Anglo-Saxon Model

The corporate governance helps in the assessment of the different ways used in the guarding of the interests of the financiers. The states of Rhine model and Anglo-Saxon have different ways on how they deal with the creditors, lenders and investors. The corporate governance calls for the rules and practices that the board of directors can use for the assurance of accountability, transparency and fairness, (Koen, 2005).  The placement of the virtues helps in the assessment of the employee’s relation within the organization. The research will investigate the shareholder’ and ‘stakeholder’ models of corporate governance.  The assessment will assess the best model for handling the employment relationships. The similarities and differences of Anglo-Saxon and Rhine model will be assessed.

             The broad differences of the shareholder (Anglo-Saxon) model and stakeholder (Rhine model).   The efficiency, Voice and equity can help in the management of the different models.  The shareholder or Anglo-Saxon model is grounded on the fact offered for the system of the financial needs for the firms used for the fulfilling of requirements in the capital markets.  The model is considered outsider’s requirements.  The model will be able to focus on the presumption that the information will be able to flow from the relatively good and regulatory system needed for the ample disclosure of information. The model was grounded on the liquid stock of markets and diversification of portfolios, (Budd, 2004).  The contrast of the Anglo-Saxon Model is the stakeholder or insider model. The reliance of the representation of the specific interests is offered in the stakeholder’s model or Rhine Model.  The model is concerned with the insider requirements due to the state of disciplining and monitoring of the employees.  The management is disciplined through the changes in the capital or securities markets. The shareholding with cross-holdings among other issues forces the institutions to turn to banks rather than the capital markets for finance.

The demise of the central planning in the Soviet Union posed the ease of assessing the variant state of capitalist systems. The Rhine model was considered the most endearing aspect of the social market systems for the Western Europe.  The Rhine model of capitalism is placed in areas like Rhine model. The Rhine model was modified with the increased changes in the social market, (Budd, 2004). The Anglo-Saxon model has been modified to maintain the supply aid hegemony.  The Anglo-Saxon model has been identified in the state of assessing the clean Air Act, deposit insurance and social security.  The Anglo-Saxon model is presented in the preference for the private ownership and management of resource. The other disadvantage is based on the limitation of the governmental economic intervention for the short-term crisis or cyclical management. The large scale disparities will require the acceptance of the system and innovation of the strong.

             The Rhine Model offers to the government the ability to maintain the safety net for the companies in the market. The Anglo-Saxon model focuses on the capitalistic expressions affecting the state of being poor and the minimal state of managing the workings of the middle and working poor class.  The Rhine’s model allows the support of offering the generous welfare for systems on earth.  The substantial and wide range people can manage the performance of activities within the US.  Their posts can transfer the poverty rates for the people lower than those in the Anglo-Saxon Model.  The Anglo-Saxon Model is characterized with the provision of the substantially reduced subsidies for the children, households and healthcare. The Anglo-Saxon increases the amount taxed from the organization. The changes of the state of industry and macroeconomic policies offer the management of the explicit pursuance of the social justice and consideration of the interest affecting the broad range of stakeholders.

            The board of directors has changed from the metric of innovation, demography, globalization, communication and value changes, (Koen, 2005).  The comparative international corporate questions the differences in board of directors for the organizations in different countries.  The application of the comparison has aided the explanation and enhancement of understanding for the social phenomena.  The valuable tools for social scientific research have offered the assessment of the wisdom placed for the social scientific research, (Koen, 2005).  The subsidiaries have distinct behavioral patterns.  The issues of dignity, security, equity and freedom are expressed in the evaluation of the public discourse. The stakeholders work relation form an integral part in the assessment of the different processes for the analysis of activities, (Budd, 2004). The composition of the supervisory board varies for the Anglo-Saxon and Rhine model businesses. The Anglo-Saxon Model places the employees little employee’s representation in the composition of the supervisory board. The Rhine model businesses offer the employees a large representation or influence power for the composition of the supervisory board.  The issues of the composition for the board of management are another issue. The Rhine models are members of the board management and are not the members of the supervisory board.  The Anglo-Saxon businesses have the majority of the supervisory meeting the CEO. The head of the supervisory team and the CEO report to the board of directors. This offers the vivid assessment of the organizational operations.

            The corporate governance affects frequency of meetings.  The Rhine model businesses hold board directors meetings twice in the year.  The Rhine model businesses hold their meetings six times in the year. The differences make the Anglo-Saxon firms be more flexible in decision making than the Rhine model businesses.  The regulation is the other issue affecting the Rhine model and Anglo-Saxon firms.  The Rhine model businesses have a specific and clear legislation through the federal government. The Anglo-Saxon businesses are under the control of the individual states for the multiplicity of the legislation. The corporate governance systems for the Anglo-Saxon and Rhine model organization vary, (Budd, 2004). The two-tier system is placed in the Rhine model organizations. The Anglo-Saxon businesses uphold the one-tier system. The members of the supervisory board or the board of directors are on the assessment of the members of the board of management.  The corporate governance focus for the Rhine model is on the long-term wellbeing for the stakeholders and the organization. The Anglo-Saxon firms, on the other hand, are focused on the increasing of the shares of the shareholders.

             The maintenance of the voice, equity and efficiency within the organization will be dependent on the assessment of the international industrial relation. The human resource management practices can result in the creation of relations among the employees, trade unions and management.  The industrial relations of the employees help to govern the practices of the international business with the country’s rules. The relation amid the management of the multinational looks at the international relations of employees.  The relations influence the implementation and strategy formulation for the international business.  The industrial relations can be observed in the daily workings of the industries.  The different factors relating to the assessment of the industrial relations is seen to be the following.  The institutional factors can affect the state of the employee relations. The home and host government policies, voluntary courts, labor legislation, employee courts and collective agreement offered in the corporate governance affect the state of employee’s relation in the industrial relations. 

The other issue is on the economic factors. The capitalist and communist culture offers the assessment of the structure for the labor force and supply of the labor forces.  The technological factors allowed the assessment of the rationalization, computerization, and automation and information technology, (Budd, 2004). The issues affect the state of performing different activities within the corporate governance.  The political system of the country, the political ideologies, parties and achievement of policies can affect the management’s dealing with employees. The involvement into the trade unions will help in the management of the different tasks and requirements. The last factor affecting the employee relation is the governmental factors. The provision of the globalization policies allowed the generation of dynamic changes for Multinational companies. The tradition of the trade unions for the corporation can hinder the performance of different activities.

 The efficiency, Voice and equity can be offered through the management of the employment relationships.  The state of efficiency is offered through the need of profit maximization.  The efficiency is required to be considered for the assessment of the standard of the business performance. The management is required to consider the way they would use for the assessment and control of the scarce resources that capture the concerns of economic prosperity, competitiveness and productivity. Equity is concerned with the standard of treatment for the organization and individual. The equity can be offered in the management of fairness affecting the distribution of the economic rewards or the administration of the employment policies. The voice is concerned with the standard of the employees’ participation in the organization.  The voice assessment focuses on the ability of the employees to have a meaningful input to the workplace decisions.  The assessment of the three aspects will help in the evaluation of the dispute resolution within the different individuals and institutions in the organization.

The Human resource manager will be required to assess the dispute resolution system for the conservation of the scarce resources. The aspects of money and time are considered on efficiency, Voice and equity.  The efficiency placement of the Stakeholders and shareholders model will require the training of the best employees to foster productive services. The effective corporate governance of the shareholder model will be grounded on two pillars, (Budd, 2004).  The first issue will be the ability of the owners to monitor their profits when they require them.  The intervention of the operations for the management will be on the basis of the vigor for the market for corporate control.  The prevention of strikes should be a balance on the demand of the shareholders and the stakeholders.  The management of the institutions is required to be given autonomous control in the assessment of the managerial decision-making.  The cost for the management can be based on the suffering of the psychological costs and disruption of the social relations. The nonfinancial costs can affect or influence the organizational efficiency for individuals.

             The management will be required to offer equity in the evaluation of the equitable systems affecting the consistency in the judgment of the employee’s performance.  The objective based evidence should assess the state of controlling the effects of equity assessment. The equity will require the outcomes to offer the effective remedies for the evaluation of the violated rights. The international companies can be charged with the mandate of reconciling the employees for a neutral state in organizational politics,(Budd, 2004).  The management’s equitability should be upon the control of the ability to appeal to the individual participants with privacy, sensitivity and respect.  The equity will help in the control of the existence of safeguards upon the members of the organization. The management should offer the widespread coverage for the assessment of the independent expertise or resources. The national origin, race, gender and personal characteristics should not be sited as a prejudice for of appreciating employees.

             The other issue is the management of voice. The aspect of voice can be seen in the overall corporate governance of the organization. The voice aspect focuses on the individuals influencing the direction of the organization. The managers are required to consider the stakeholders of the organization in different institutional requirements. The financiers, the community, the government, the stakeholders, the customers and financiers are the different people needed to be considered in the evaluation.  The board of directors can ensure compliance level for the authorization of the different ways of holding the collective bargaining.  The board of directors of the merger and acquisition of different organizations express the relevant stages corporate governance of the board of directors.  The domination of the liberal market offers the assessment of the economic efficiency, competitive markets and shareholder wealth assessment.

            The analysis of the two models posts the following facts.   The Rhine model is concerned with the requirements of all the stakeholders. On the other hand, Anglo-Saxon model focuses on the increase of the shareholder’s value. The Anglo-Saxon model is grounded on the activities occurring in the liquid capital markets, (Budd, 2004). The focus increases the state of capitalism and reduces the ability of the firm to handle the offering of organizational welfare. The Rhine’s model is grounded on the debt finance and bank finances.  The corollary shares are immensely dispersed for the Anglo-Saxon Model. The concentration is also offered in the Rhine’s Model.  The relations between the management and the stakeholders will be on the arm’s length operations for Anglo-Saxon model. The Rhine’s model focuses on the building of the long-term requirements and the building of trust for the employees and the management. Anglo-Saxon model uses the corporate control offered by the market. The approach is through the supervisory board of the bank. The corporate law will demand the use of a solitary board for the first model and the dual board for the Rhine’s model.

The Rhine model organizations uphold the presentation of the ways where the workers are not able to assess the motivational styles for the board of directors. The corporate governance focuses on the assessment of the positive workers feeling. The focus on relationship and leadership form the centerpiece for the stakeholder’s motivation.  The board of directors considered the change to be a threat when placed from the subordinates, (Lansbury, 2004).  The stakeholders seek the attention of the supervisors in order to address the changes they desire. The improvement of the quality is through the identification of the personal stakes for achieving individual achievements.

The Anglo-Saxon firms are seen to focus on the imposition of the short-term requirements for the assessment of the industrial relations of the deregulated labor of markets.  The Rhine model firm’s focus on the offering of the approaches controlled by the centralized approaches offered in the assessment of activities.  The inter-company systems for Anglo-Saxon are imposed for the offering of strong competition, (Albert, 1993). The strong competitions of the organization are based on the assessment of the activities of limiting the possible cooperation’s between the companies. The discouragement of the stakeholder representation is based on the assessment of the companies having the weak union requirements. The individuals are able to assess the facilitation of the unilateral control of the top board of directors.

In conclusion, Rhine model will foster good employee’s relation. The Rhine model can be considered the profitable approach that can be implemented in the management of the employees. The model reduces the profitability of the organization through the collection of welfare but reduces the access of the approaches for the assessment of the different tasks.  The Anglo-Saxon focuses on the increase of the profitability of the stakeholders. The reduction of the social welfares will reduce the good understanding between the management and the employees.

Reference

Albert, M. (1993) Capitalism vs. Capitalism, New York: Four Wall Eight Windows. Chapter 6: The Other Capitalism, pp. 99-126, and Chapter 7: The Economic Superiority of the Rhine Model, pp. 127-146. 

Budd, J. W. (2004) Achieving Decent Work by Giving Employment a Human Face. Geneva: ILO

Koen, C. I. (2005) Comparative International Management, London: McGraw-Hill. Chapter 1: Introduction to the Approaches to Comparative International Management (pp 2-24).

Koen, C. I. (2005) ‘Comparative Corporate Governance’ (Chapter 6, pp. 254-297) in Koen, C. I. (ED) Comparative International Management, London: McGraw-Hill.

Lansbury, R. N. (2004) ‘Introduction’ (Chapter 1 pp. 1-35), in Bamber, G. J.; Lansbury, R. D.; and Wailes, N. (EDS) International and Comparative Employment Relations: Globalisation and the Developed Market Economies. London: Sage.

London stock exchange.

Stock Valuation Techniques

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Introduction

 The organization traded as a public limited company. It operates mainly on the retail offering industry. The organization was formed on April 1990. The founders of the organization were Steve Smith and Dave Dodd. The headquarters of the organization was in England. The organization operates in 450 retail stores. The products for the organization comprise of the electronic, DIY, Consumer goods and groceries. The organization has posted revenue of 642 million pounds, (Thomas, 2011). The operating income for the organization was 16 million. The firm posted a profit of 11.8 million pounds. The owners for the organization are Warburg Pinks, (Hobbs, 2011). The employees of the organization are 10020 people. The firm has a plan to enter into the London stock exchange. This editorial will offer the reasons for the entry into the stock exchange and assess the critical methods that can be used in the valuation.  

1.1. Scope

 The discussion section will identify the different reasons for the organization to get listed in the London stock exchange. The discussion section will analyze the different valuation methods that could be implemented by the management. The analysis section will offer a recommendation on the best valuation method.

1.2. Purpose

 The endeavour of the investigation is to offer insight on the need for the company to be listed. The editorial offers information on the best valuation techniques for the assessment.

1.3. Thesis

DDM is the best valuation method.

Discussion

2.1. Reasons for stock market listing

 The reasons for the firm to go for the market listing in the London stock exchange are the following.  The first reason is the access of the capital to fund growth.  The public placement of the company in the market listing increased the attractiveness of the firm to attract the management to upgrade the production facilities and acquisitive expansion.  The management will be able to obtain the timeless pool of capital and boost for the investment credibility in the businesses, (Luke, 2011).

 The second reason is to offer the creation of liquidity form the potential exit for the current owners.  The listing of the market in the stock exchange increases the chances for the creation of liquidity and provision of opportunities that offer the sale of shares with the minimal transaction costs, (Hobbs, 2011).  The exit of the owners assures the clients, suppliers and partners of the different quality issues that they were able to identify for the organizational capabilities.  The aspect of due diligence is provided to the firm through the assessment of the financial position.

The third reason is for the maximization of the value of the company. The market listing increases the identification of the business and offers confidence in its liquidity.  The identification of the liquidity provision assures the success of the organization in dealing with the divergent issues that will generate finances for the organization, (Eduard, 2011).  The improvement in the debt finances will be based on the financial reporting for the company that will be listed for the recognition of the stock exchanges, (Thomas, 2011).  The different financial institutions will fight to identify the divergence of the recognised stock exchange that that originates from the reliable and desirable partners. The corporate governance and transparency focuses on the assessment of the additional factors of confidence for the suppliers and banks.  

2.2. Methods for Valuation

2.2.1. Dividend discount model

 The Dividend discount model assesses the intrinsic value of stocks that represent the present value of the income streams.  The method assesses the estimate for the value of the share of stock through the discounting of the different expected future dividend payment.  The fundamental analysis for the evaluation is based on the analysis of the company’s accounting statement and other economic and financial information, (Alfonso, 2011).  The assessment allows the assessment of the firm’s economic value for the company’s stock.

             The basic idea is for the identification of the overvalued and undervalued stocks.  The practice looks at the stocks that can be correctly priced for the reasons that are not immediately apparent to the different analysis.  The Dividend discount model assumes that the dividend will grow at the constant rate forever, (Eduard, 2011).  The growth rate for the dividends is estimated at different approaches.  The fist approach is applying the historical rate for the company as the average growth rate, (Luke, 2011). The growth rate is identified through the identification of the mean for the median of the average growth rate.  The management can use the sustainable growth rate for the assessment of the approaches.

             The discount rates for Dividend discount model are identified through CAPM. The discount rate focuses on the time value of money and the risk premium.  The model is more beneficial than others due to the simplicity in computation. The approach is not usable for the firms that refuse the payment of the dividends, (Eduard, 2011). The approach has the limitation of offering the unrealistic assumptions.  The limitation arises for the assumption that the dividends can be forecasted indefinitely.  The dividend for the valuation is expected to grow at a fixed rate.  The earnings for the shares are expected to be constant together with the payout ratio, (Alfonso, 2011).  The management offers the source of the growth through the assumption of the new capital that is added. The retained earnings for the valuation are assumed to pay for the new firm’s investment.  This is the first valuation technique that can be used for the valuation of the stocks.

2.2.2. Discounted Cash Flow

 The method focuses on the estimation of the attractiveness of the investment opportunity. The Discounted Cash Flow method applies the future free cash flow. The projection and discounts for the cash flows allow the arrival of the present value for the discounts, (Luke, 2011). The analysis evaluates the potential for the investments, (Eduard, 2011). The arrival at the value of Discounted Cash Flow offers the high value of the current costs for investment and opportunity to become a good stock.  The methodology requires the estimation of the cost of capital, forecasting of the free cash flows, calculation of the present values for the future cash flows and the estimation of the organizational terminal value. The last step involves the derivation of the implied valuation range.

             The DCF technique focuses on the amount of cash and the value that the investors will receive.  The Discounted Cash Flow method offers the assessment of the intrinsic value for the value of the company. The relative and theoretical values for the stocks are assessed through the Discounted Cash Flow method, (Alfonso, 2011).  The valuation bases the calculation on the free cash flows. These include the assessment of the independent capital structure and the free cash flow for the different capital holders.  The value of the Discounted Cash Flow is equal to the present value summation, (Hobbs, 2011).  The un-levered free cash flow and projected terminal value offers the estimation of the values that are beyond the forecasted period.

             The Discounted Cash Flow valuation has the following advantages in valuation. The technique assures the identification of the intrinsic value that is passed on the projected Future cash flows.  The approach is considered to be adaptive and flexible.  The changes in the projection assess the synergies, expansion plans, operating margins and the growth rates. This offers the complete assessment of the state of the organizational stock, (Eduard, 2011). The Discounted Cash Flow offers the objective calculation for the different stocks. The assessment of the flow of income assures the providence of the best decision for the management of tasks.  The management will require the scrutiny of the key drivers for the value of the management. The approach is always obtainable in the assessment of activities within the organization.

             The limitations or challenges for the model are the following. The cash flow from the forecast can be based on the possible biasness. The forecast’s focus on sensitivities reduces their overall reliability in offering funds to the organization. The management focuses on the subjective valuation of the different stocks, (Thomas, 2011). The valuation method is considered to be sensitive to the future cash flows, growth margins and growth rates. The assumed discount rate and market conditions affect the overall rate of participation for the organization.

2.2.3. Asset Based Valuation

  The valuation aspect values the business as being equivalent to the summation of the diverse parts.  The theory underlies the asset based approaches for the business valuation.  The valuation assesses the value of the asset for the price for the able and willing buyers that pay for the willing and able sellers, (Eduard, 2011).  The company’s worth assesses the tangibility of the assets, assessment of the worth for the goodwill and assets. The asset valuation analyzes the balance sheet. The balance sheet summarizes the financial condition for the business till the point in tome of remembering of the picture given in seconds. The management will be required to estimate the net worth or owners equity. The transactions will be assessed with the basis of analysis for the balance sheet that could be changing daily.   The rationale of the balance sheet is to measure the business or individuals that are given at the stated point. The assets assess the value of anything that is owned. The liability assessment focuses on the analysis debt or the other financial obligations that are owed to an individual. The valuation method is based on the substitution principle.

The rational investors will be required to pay for the business assets rather than procuring the assesses to the economic utility. The valuation method focuses on the adjusted net book value for the assets, (Eduard, 2011).  The valuation requires the application of the accounting convention that reports all the assets to be reported on the books for the subject company at their acquisition value.  The valuation method does not focus on the different intangible assets. The asset valuation approach explains some part of the value for the organizations going concern, (Eduard, 2011).  The controlling off the shareholders will require the definition of authority that assures the direction of the corporation for selling off the parts of the assets through the distribution of the proceeds to the shareholders. The method applies the complex concepts for measurement and recognition of assets that are based on the following purposes. The aims are the effects of inflation, functions placed on the replacement costs and the true economic costs for the replication of costs.

Analysis

 The best approach for the firm is Dividend discount model.   The model will offer the intrinsic value of the firm, unlike the other valuation models. The technique focuses on the complexity and depth of the subject valuation.  The valuation focuses on the identification of the understanding for the business. The valuation offers the forecasting of the performance and selection of the appropriate valuation models. The DDM model will be suited in the assessment of the business proficiency that allows the assessment of the basic applications and mechanics for the dividend discount model that utilizes the firm’s cost of capital. The cost of capital is applied for the discounting of the dividends. 

Conclusion

In conclusion, DDM was the best method to be applied in the analysis. DDM offers the assessment of the intrinsic value for the organization. The DCF model was not chosen due to the fluctuation expectation in the movement for resources.  The high degree for confidence on the cash flow forecast can be flawed. The forecasting can be biased and offer problem in the analysis of the valuation for the organization.  The asset based valuation requires the support of another valuation method to assure the assessment of the organizational approaches.  The asset based approach assesses the floor value for the company that is valued as the going concern.

Reference

Alfonso, P (2011). Capital accumulation and unemployment in Canada: Journal on Post Keynesian financial side, 34, 1, 113-136.

Eduard, B. (2011). The Stock Markets and Real trade and industry Activity: Journal on Eastern European Economics, 49, 4, 6-23.

Hobbs, B. (2011). A fresh look at the payment of project organization to organizational routine: Journal on Project Management, 42, 1, 3-16.

Luke, H. (2011). Sturgeon Business in China: development, strategies and prediction assessed on the origin of nation-wide surveys (2007-2009). Journal on Applied Ichthyology, 27, 2, 219-312

Thomas, L. (2011). Conceptualizing vendor aggressive Intelligence: An Individual-Level standpoint: Journal on Personal Selling or Sales Management, 31, 2, 141-156.

Stock Valuation Techniques research

Stock Valuation Techniques

Name

Instructor

Institution

Course

Date

Introduction

 The organization traded as a public limited company. It operates mainly on the retail offering industry. The organization was formed on April 1990. The founders of the organization were Steve Smith and Dave Dodd. The headquarters of the organization was in England. The organization operates in 450 retail stores. The products for the organization comprise of the electronic, DIY, Consumer goods and groceries. The organization has posted revenue of 642 million pounds, (Thomas, 2011). The operating income for the organization was 16 million. The firm posted a profit of 11.8 million pounds. The owners for the organization are Warburg Pinks, (Hobbs, 2011). The employees of the organization are 10020 people. The firm has a plan to enter into the London stock exchange. This editorial will offer the reasons for the entry into the stock exchange and assess the critical methods that can be used in the valuation.  

1.1. Scope

 The discussion section will identify the different reasons for the organization to get listed in the London stock exchange. The discussion section will analyze the different valuation methods that could be implemented by the management. The analysis section will offer a recommendation on the best valuation method.

1.2. Purpose

 The endeavour of the investigation is to offer insight on the need for the company to be listed. The editorial offers information on the best valuation techniques for the assessment.

1.3. Thesis

DDM is the best valuation method.

Discussion

2.1. Reasons for stock market listing

 The reasons for the firm to go for the market listing in the London stock exchange are the following.  The first reason is the access of the capital to fund growth.  The public placement of the company in the market listing increased the attractiveness of the firm to attract the management to upgrade the production facilities and acquisitive expansion.  The management will be able to obtain the timeless pool of capital and boost for the investment credibility in the businesses, (Luke, 2011).

 The second reason is to offer the creation of liquidity form the potential exit for the current owners.  The listing of the market in the stock exchange increases the chances for the creation of liquidity and provision of opportunities that offer the sale of shares with the minimal transaction costs, (Hobbs, 2011).  The exit of the owners assures the clients, suppliers and partners of the different quality issues that they were able to identify for the organizational capabilities.  The aspect of due diligence is provided to the firm through the assessment of the financial position.

The third reason is for the maximization of the value of the company. The market listing increases the identification of the business and offers confidence in its liquidity.  The identification of the liquidity provision assures the success of the organization in dealing with the divergent issues that will generate finances for the organization, (Eduard, 2011).  The improvement in the debt finances will be based on the financial reporting for the company that will be listed for the recognition of the stock exchanges, (Thomas, 2011).  The different financial institutions will fight to identify the divergence of the recognised stock exchange that that originates from the reliable and desirable partners. The corporate governance and transparency focuses on the assessment of the additional factors of confidence for the suppliers and banks.  

2.2. Methods for Valuation

2.2.1. Dividend discount model

 The Dividend discount model assesses the intrinsic value of stocks that represent the present value of the income streams.  The method assesses the estimate for the value of the share of stock through the discounting of the different expected future dividend payment.  The fundamental analysis for the evaluation is based on the analysis of the company’s accounting statement and other economic and financial information, (Alfonso, 2011).  The assessment allows the assessment of the firm’s economic value for the company’s stock.

             The basic idea is for the identification of the overvalued and undervalued stocks.  The practice looks at the stocks that can be correctly priced for the reasons that are not immediately apparent to the different analysis.  The Dividend discount model assumes that the dividend will grow at the constant rate forever, (Eduard, 2011).  The growth rate for the dividends is estimated at different approaches.  The fist approach is applying the historical rate for the company as the average growth rate, (Luke, 2011). The growth rate is identified through the identification of the mean for the median of the average growth rate.  The management can use the sustainable growth rate for the assessment of the approaches.

             The discount rates for Dividend discount model are identified through CAPM. The discount rate focuses on the time value of money and the risk premium.  The model is more beneficial than others due to the simplicity in computation. The approach is not usable for the firms that refuse the payment of the dividends, (Eduard, 2011). The approach has the limitation of offering the unrealistic assumptions.  The limitation arises for the assumption that the dividends can be forecasted indefinitely.  The dividend for the valuation is expected to grow at a fixed rate.  The earnings for the shares are expected to be constant together with the payout ratio, (Alfonso, 2011).  The management offers the source of the growth through the assumption of the new capital that is added. The retained earnings for the valuation are assumed to pay for the new firm’s investment.  This is the first valuation technique that can be used for the valuation of the stocks.

2.2.2. Discounted Cash Flow

 The method focuses on the estimation of the attractiveness of the investment opportunity. The Discounted Cash Flow method applies the future free cash flow. The projection and discounts for the cash flows allow the arrival of the present value for the discounts, (Luke, 2011). The analysis evaluates the potential for the investments, (Eduard, 2011). The arrival at the value of Discounted Cash Flow offers the high value of the current costs for investment and opportunity to become a good stock.  The methodology requires the estimation of the cost of capital, forecasting of the free cash flows, calculation of the present values for the future cash flows and the estimation of the organizational terminal value. The last step involves the derivation of the implied valuation range.

             The DCF technique focuses on the amount of cash and the value that the investors will receive.  The Discounted Cash Flow method offers the assessment of the intrinsic value for the value of the company. The relative and theoretical values for the stocks are assessed through the Discounted Cash Flow method, (Alfonso, 2011).  The valuation bases the calculation on the free cash flows. These include the assessment of the independent capital structure and the free cash flow for the different capital holders.  The value of the Discounted Cash Flow is equal to the present value summation, (Hobbs, 2011).  The un-levered free cash flow and projected terminal value offers the estimation of the values that are beyond the forecasted period.

             The Discounted Cash Flow valuation has the following advantages in valuation. The technique assures the identification of the intrinsic value that is passed on the projected Future cash flows.  The approach is considered to be adaptive and flexible.  The changes in the projection assess the synergies, expansion plans, operating margins and the growth rates. This offers the complete assessment of the state of the organizational stock, (Eduard, 2011). The Discounted Cash Flow offers the objective calculation for the different stocks. The assessment of the flow of income assures the providence of the best decision for the management of tasks.  The management will require the scrutiny of the key drivers for the value of the management. The approach is always obtainable in the assessment of activities within the organization.

             The limitations or challenges for the model are the following. The cash flow from the forecast can be based on the possible biasness. The forecast’s focus on sensitivities reduces their overall reliability in offering funds to the organization. The management focuses on the subjective valuation of the different stocks, (Thomas, 2011). The valuation method is considered to be sensitive to the future cash flows, growth margins and growth rates. The assumed discount rate and market conditions affect the overall rate of participation for the organization.

2.2.3. Asset Based Valuation

  The valuation aspect values the business as being equivalent to the summation of the diverse parts.  The theory underlies the asset based approaches for the business valuation.  The valuation assesses the value of the asset for the price for the able and willing buyers that pay for the willing and able sellers, (Eduard, 2011).  The company’s worth assesses the tangibility of the assets, assessment of the worth for the goodwill and assets. The asset valuation analyzes the balance sheet. The balance sheet summarizes the financial condition for the business till the point in tome of remembering of the picture given in seconds. The management will be required to estimate the net worth or owners equity. The transactions will be assessed with the basis of analysis for the balance sheet that could be changing daily.   The rationale of the balance sheet is to measure the business or individuals that are given at the stated point. The assets assess the value of anything that is owned. The liability assessment focuses on the analysis debt or the other financial obligations that are owed to an individual. The valuation method is based on the substitution principle.

The rational investors will be required to pay for the business assets rather than procuring the assesses to the economic utility. The valuation method focuses on the adjusted net book value for the assets, (Eduard, 2011).  The valuation requires the application of the accounting convention that reports all the assets to be reported on the books for the subject company at their acquisition value.  The valuation method does not focus on the different intangible assets. The asset valuation approach explains some part of the value for the organizations going concern, (Eduard, 2011).  The controlling off the shareholders will require the definition of authority that assures the direction of the corporation for selling off the parts of the assets through the distribution of the proceeds to the shareholders. The method applies the complex concepts for measurement and recognition of assets that are based on the following purposes. The aims are the effects of inflation, functions placed on the replacement costs and the true economic costs for the replication of costs.

2.2.4 Earning Basis Valuation

 The earning basis valuation method looks at the critical project decisions through the utilization of the early warning signs. The earning basis method analyzes the variances and trends for the earned value management, (Hobbs, 2011).  The earning basis method requires the analysis of the budgeted cost of the work, valuation for money, cost and scheduling for variances, identifying the project status with regard to the schedule.

            The method can be used to indicate the early warning signs for the prompt corrective action.  The earning valuation utilizes the tools, processes, practices and methods for identification. The accurate definition of the deliverables assures the realization of the total cost and timeframe for the delivery of the product. The detailed activities or tasks assure the analysis of the work based systems that are out of scope.  The earning valuation consolidates the progress of the different tasks into one project.

Analysis

 The best approach for the firm is Dividend discount model.   The model will offer the intrinsic value of the firm, unlike the other valuation models. The technique focuses on the complexity and depth of the subject valuation.  The valuation focuses on the identification of the understanding for the business, (Eduard, 2011). The valuation offers the forecasting of the performance and selection of the appropriate valuation models. The DDM model will be suited in the assessment of the business proficiency that allows the assessment of the basic applications and mechanics for the dividend discount model that utilizes the firm’s cost of capital. The cost of capital is applied for the discounting of the dividends. 

The DDM method was chosen due to its advantages.  The model focuses on the valuation of stocks that are based on the dividends that they pay, (Alfonso, 2011). The investors can easily assess the meaning of their dividend reports through the analysis of the dividends. The model is considered to be the easiest as compared to all the other valuation models, (Eduard, 2011).  The flaw that was identified was the requirement of the posting of the dividend in order to evaluate the stock.  The companies that have not issued their stocks are recorded as having no worth through this model.

The earning valuation method was not the best approach since it required the time for the data measurement and manipulation to be considerable. The measurement and quantification of the work in progress allows the challenging of the organizational success. The integration of the financial expenditure allows the scheduling of the status.  The earning valuation method was considered due to the following reasons, (Alfonso, 2011).  The model allows the alignment of the critical project decisions through future performance analysis. The model offered the benefit of vendors improvement for customer relations, creation of the culture of honesty, trust and openness; valuation of the funds and identifying the problem for the captured data, (Hobbs, 2011). 

The DCF valuation was chosen due to the one pricing system for the investment professionals that determine the value of the stocks.  The analysis allows the calculation of the amount of discounted cash flow an organization will have in the payment of the obligation, (Alfonso, 2011).  The identification of the discounted cash flow offered the analysis of the depreciation and discounting rate for the firm.

The Asset Business valuation was choosing for the professional use of identifying the business appraisals, (Hobbs, 2011).  The unique strength allows the provision of the excess earnings for the choice evaluation for the established companies through the considerable goodwill.  The approach assesses the identification of the management’s distribution for scarce resources.

Conclusion

In conclusion, DDM was the best method to be applied in the analysis. DDM offers the assessment of the intrinsic value for the organization. The DCF model was not chosen due to the fluctuation expectation in the movement for resources.  The high degree for confidence on the cash flow forecast can be flawed. The forecasting can be biased and offer problem in the analysis of the valuation for the organization.  The asset based valuation requires the support of another valuation method to assure the assessment of the organizational approaches.  The asset based approach assesses the floor value for the company that is valued as the going concern.

Reference

Alfonso, P (2011). Capital accumulation and unemployment in Canada: Journal on Post Keynesian financial side, 34, 1, 113-136.  

Eduard, B. (2011). The Stock Markets and Real trade and industry Activity: Journal on Eastern European Economics, 49, 4, 6-23.

Hobbs, B. (2011). A fresh look at the payment of project organization to organizational routine: Journal on Project Management, 42, 1, 3-16.

Luke, H. (2011). Sturgeon Business in China: development, strategies and prediction assessed on the origin of nation-wide surveys (2007-2009). Journal on Applied Ichthyology, 27, 2, 219-312

Thomas, L. (2011). Conceptualizing vendor aggressive Intelligence: An Individual-Level standpoint: Journal on Personal Selling or Sales Management, 31, 2, 141-156.